Verse 35
etān na hantum icchāmi ghnato ’pi madhusūdana
api trailokya-rājyasya hetoḥ kiṁ nu mahī-kṛte
Word-by-Word Meanings:
- etān — these (relatives)
- na — not
- hantum — to kill
- icchāmi — do I wish
- ghnataḥ api — even if they kill (me)
- madhusūdana — O Madhusūdana (Krishna, slayer of the demon Madhu)
- api — even
- trailokya-rājyasya — for sovereignty over the three worlds
- hetoḥ — for the sake of
- kim nu — what to speak of
- mahī-kṛte — for the sake of the earth (kingdom)
O Madhusūdana, even if they kill me, I do not wish to kill them, even for the sovereignty of the three worlds, what to speak of for the earth alone.
Expanded Commentary and Interpretation
Arjuna’s Profound Moral Dilemma
In this verse, Arjuna expresses a deep moral and emotional conflict. He conveys to Krishna that he harbors no desire to kill his own relatives, even if they are poised to kill him. This sentiment extends beyond the earthly realm; Arjuna emphasizes that not even the prospect of ruling over the three worlds could justify such an act, let alone ruling over a mere earthly kingdom.
Contextual Flow:
Leading up to this verse, Arjuna has been grappling with the reality of facing his own kin in battle. He has listed various family members present on the opposing side, highlighting the personal nature of the impending conflict. This verse serves as a culmination of his internal struggle, where he questions the very purpose and morality of the war.
Psychological and Emotional Analysis
1. The Weight of Conscience Over Duty
Arjuna’s hesitation underscores the immense weight that conscience can have over one’s prescribed duties. Despite being a warrior, bound by duty to fight, his moral compass challenges the righteousness of the act.
- Personal Reflection: Have you ever faced a situation where your moral beliefs conflicted with your professional or societal obligations? How did you navigate that conflict?
2. The Value of Relationships Over Material Gains
By stating that not even sovereignty over the three worlds would justify killing his relatives, Arjuna places immeasurable value on personal relationships over material or political gains.
- Personal Reflection: In your life, have there been moments where you had to choose between personal relationships and material success? What did you prioritize, and why?
Symbolism and Deeper Meaning
1. The Three Worlds (Trailokya) as a Symbol
In Hindu cosmology, the three worlds often refer to the physical, astral, and celestial realms. Arjuna’s mention of these symbolizes the ultimate material achievements one could aspire to. His rejection of them in favor of upholding dharma (righteousness) emphasizes the transient nature of material gains compared to eternal moral values.
- Spiritual Insight: Recognizing the impermanence of material achievements can lead to a deeper understanding of one’s true purpose and values.
2. Madhusūdana – The Slayer of Inner Demons
Krishna is addressed here as “Madhusūdana,” the slayer of the demon Madhu. This epithet can be interpreted symbolically, suggesting that Krishna helps in slaying the inner demons of doubt, attachment, and ignorance.
- Spiritual Insight: Turning to one’s inner wisdom or higher self can aid in overcoming internal conflicts and moral dilemmas.
Philosophical Reflections
1. The Ethics of War and Non-Violence
Arjuna’s reluctance brings forth the age-old debate on the ethics of war. Is there ever a justified reason to engage in violence, even when duty demands it?
- Philosophical Question: Can the act of war be morally justified if it leads to the greater good, or does it inherently contradict the principles of righteousness?
2. Detachment from Material Desires
Arjuna’s indifference to ruling the three worlds highlights the concept of detachment from material desires, a central theme in many spiritual philosophies.
- Philosophical Question: How does detachment from material desires contribute to inner peace and moral clarity?
Reflection Questions
Moral vs. Professional Duties: Have you encountered situations where your personal morals clashed with your professional responsibilities? How did you resolve them?
Valuing Relationships Over Success: Are there instances where you prioritized personal relationships over career advancements or material gains? What was the outcome?
Understanding Detachment: How do you perceive the concept of detachment in your life? Is it possible to be engaged in the world while remaining detached from its outcomes?
Inner Demons: What are the “inner demons” or challenges you face that hinder your moral or spiritual growth? How do you address them?
Conclusion
Arjuna’s profound introspection in this verse serves as a timeless reflection on the complexities of duty, morality, and personal values. His internal struggle resonates with the universal human experience of navigating the delicate balance between societal obligations and personal conscience. Through his dialogue with Krishna, the Bhagavad Gita invites readers to delve deep into their own hearts, question their motivations, and seek a path that aligns with both righteousness and inner peace.